Important questions to ask when looking at a business...or preparing to have your business looked at by prospective buyers. • What’s for sale?  What’s not for sale?  Does it include real estate? Are some of the machines leased instead of owned? • What assets are not earning money? Perhaps these assets should be sold off. • What is proprietary? Formulations, patents, software, etc.? • What is their competitive advantage? A certain niche, superior marketing or better manufacturing. • What is the barrier of entry? Capital, low labor, tight relationships. • What about employment agreements/non-competes? Has the seller failed to secure these agreements from key employees? • How does one grow the business? Maybe it can’t be grown. • How much working capital does one need to run the business? • What is the depth of management and how dependent is the business on the owner/manager? • How is the financial reporting undertaken and recorded and how does management adjust the business … [Read more...]

A January 2004 survey conducted by the DAK Group/Rutgers found the following breakdown of why businesses are for sale: Reasons To Sell Risk reduction      44% Competition or market changes   41% External pressures     27% Lifestyle factors (age, health, etc.)   14% Lack of capital      9% Ownership/management issues  07% Note: Multiple responses allowed;  Source: DAK Group/Rutgers It is interesting to note that the top, by far, three reasons to sell are financial as is the fifth reason. The information furnished by much of the media suggests that the big reason to sell is generational – in other words, all of yesterday’s owners are now ready to retire.  According to the survey above, that motivation (included in “Lifestyle factors”) represents only 14 percent, and it  includes health and other personal issues.  The last reason, at 7 percent, might also include retirement since ownership/management could be involved with retirement issues.  Twenty-one percent of the … [Read more...]

The closing is the formal transfer of a business. It usually also represents the successful culmination of many months of hard work, extensive negotiations, lots of give and take, and ultimately a satisfactory meeting of the minds.  The document governing the closing is the Purchase and Sale Agreement.  It generally covers the following: • A description of the transaction – Is it a stock or asset sale? • Terms of the agreement – This covers the price and terms and how it is to be paid.  It should also include the status of any management that will remain with the business. • Representations and Warranties – These are usually negotiated after the Letter of Intent is agreed upon.  Both buyer and seller want protection from any misrepresentations.  The warranties provide assurances that everything is as represented. •  Conditions and Covenants – These include non-competes and agreements to do or not to do certain things. There are four key steps that must be undertaken before the … [Read more...]

Another important factor relating to the asking price is the amount of cash involved in the sale. There is an old saying that the higher the full-price, the lower the down payment - and vice-versa. The sale of almost any business involves some seller financing. The smaller the down payment, the higher likelihood of a quick sale. No seller wants to take back his or her business because the buyer wasn't successful. On the other hand, a buyer wants to make sure that the business will not only pay for itself, but also provide sufficient income for his or her family's needs. What it all boils down to is that the seller wants the buyer to be successful and the buyer wants to buy a successful business. With the amount of capital required in today's market to buy a business, sellers should feel optimistic that they are dealing with successful buyers. A Valuable Service Screening and qualifying buyer prospects is perhaps the business broker's most valuable service. Business brokerage … [Read more...]

Many business owners would like to receive all-cash for their business when selling. And yet they are often told that this is really not possible. Why? Most people are accustomed to financing just about everything - home, car, vacation home, even college for their children. The first question business brokers are often asked is, "How much money will I have to invest to buy that business?" Seller financing is usually necessary because of the lack of outside financing available. Certainly, some is available, but less than 90 percent of small business sales receive outside financing when selling. If you are selling, you may be one of the few lucky ones, but the business better be absolutely perfect. If a seller is not willing to finance the sale, many buyers suspect a problem. After all, a business should be able to pay for itself and provide a reasonable income for a buyer. A buyer then wants to know what is wrong with the business that the seller wants all cash? Aside from this, even … [Read more...]

Structuring the purchase of a business is an issue that should be faced early in the selling decision. Ultimately, the final structure of the sale will be determined by actual negotiations between buyer and seller, but the seller must still answer the following questions: What is the lowest amount of cash acceptable from the sale? Has consideration been given to paying off all unsecured creditors and a portion of the closing costs? (Both are, in most cases, the seller's responsibility.) Is there any long-term or secured debt that can be assumed by the buyer? (This may make more cash available to the seller.) What is an acceptable interest rate for the seller-financed sale? Will the business be able to service the debt and still provide a return acceptable to a buyer in relation to the down payment required? (This is a particularly important question for the seller to address.) What are the tax consequences of the sale? Recent studies indicate that the more favorable the terms, … [Read more...]

When contemplating the sale of a business, an important option to consider is seller financing. Many potential buyers don't have the necessary capital or lender resources to pay cash. Even if they do, they are often reluctant to put such a hefty sum of cash into what, for them, is a new and untried venture. Why the hesitation? The typical buyer feels that, if the business is really all that it's "advertised" to be, it should pay for itself. Buyers often interpret the seller's insistence on all cash as a lack of confidence--in the business, in the buyer's chances to succeed, or both. The buyer's interpretation has some basis in fact. The primary reason sellers shy away from offering terms is their fear that the buyer will be unsuccessful. If the buyer should cease payments--for any reason--the seller would be forced either to take back the business or forfeit the balance of the note. The seller who operates under the influence of this fear should take a hard look at the upside of … [Read more...]

In the practical sense, when selling a business, goodwill is all the hard work and effort the seller has put into the business over the years. When acquiring a business, goodwill is the difference between the tangible assets and the purchase price. Goodwill value should not be confused with going-concern value. There is a big difference. One leading business appraiser has defined going-concern value as, "The premise that a business will continue to operate consistent with its intended purpose as opposed to being liquidated." In other words, the value of a business for just being in business is the going-concern value. It has nothing to do with whether the business is profitable, "on its last legs," or merely breaking even. Essentially, if the doors are open, a business is a going concern. Most business owners view goodwill as good service, products and reputation. One dictionary defines Goodwill as, "A desire for the well-being of others; the pleasant feeling or relationship between … [Read more...]

"Confidentiality Agreement - A pact that forbids buyers, sellers, and their agents in a given business deal from disclosing information about the transaction to others." The M&A Dictionary It is common practice for the seller, or his or her intermediary, to require a prospective buyer to sign a confidentiality agreement, sometimes referred to as a non-disclosure agreement. This is almost always done prior to the seller providing any important or proprietary information to a prospective buyer. The purpose is to protect the seller and his or her business from the buyer disclosing or using any of the information provided by the seller and restricted by the confidentiality agreement. These agreements, most likely, were originally used so that a prospective buyer wouldn't tell the world that the business was for sale. Their purpose now covers a multitude of items to protect the seller. A seller's primary concerns are to insure that a potential buyer doesn't capitalize on trade … [Read more...]

The following might be a subtitle for this true account of how one deal was put together: "In spite of everything, you need only one buyer - the right one!" (Although the details are factual, names and financial data are fictional.) The company (let's call it ElectroCo) has carved a niche in a billion dollar industry. It manufactures proprietary electronic products and is owned by a private equity firm that wants to sell it for liquidity reasons. At the beginning of 2001, the private equity group retained an intermediary firm (fictional name -- United Associates) to take the company to market. The goal was to have it sold by the end of the year. ElectroCo had annual sales of about $12 million, gross margins of 50 percent, an EBITDA of $1.8 million (15 percent) and a reconstructed EBITDA of $2 million. It also had been growing over the past ten years at a 10 percent rate and had always been profitable. It had a diverse customer base split about equally between end-users and OEM … [Read more...]